Etymologie. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus (upper bone of the forelimb) is called the glenoid. The scapula connects to the clavicle (collar bone) in the front of the body, and to the humerus (arm bone) at the side. Anteriorly, on the costal surface, is t… The scapula is a wide, flat bone lying on the thoracic wall that provides an attachment for three groups of muscles: intrinsic, extrinsic, and stabilising and rotating muscles. Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. This seemingly simple motion requires significant shoulder stabilization due to the intricacies of the humerus and scapula. Metal plates, pins, and screws may be necessary if there is not enough healthy bone tissue to allow the scapula … [21] This expressions can be translated as broad (Latin: latum[22]) bone (Latin: os[22]) of the back (Latin: scapularum[21]). [30] The second explanation relates shoulder to ancient Greek σκέλος,[32] leg. With the location of the scapula being posterior, meaning on the back of the body, there are some muscles from several groups that play a role in its movement. The scapula has two surfaces, three borders, three angles, and three processes. This prefix is derived from ὦμος (ōmos), the Ancient Greek word for shoulder, and is cognate with the Latin (h)umerus. 1 [21] Spathula is a diminutive of spatha,[21][22] with the latter originally meaning broad, two-edged sword without a point,[22] broad, flat, wooden instrument for stirring any liquid, a spattle, spatula [22] or spathe of the palm tree [22] and its diminutive used in classical and late Latin for referring to a leg of pork [22] or a little palmbranch. PLAY. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. In dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. The inferior angle is broader below than above and its vertical diameter is the longest. The scapula forms the back of the shoulder girdle. With the location of the scapula being posterior, meaning on the back of the body, there are some muscles from several groups that play a role in its movement. [13] The other more common type of fracture is through the surgical neck of the scapula. (1998). The scapula is responsible for several motions which are integral to daily movement and smooth upper extremity motion. 1918. One (rare) type of fracture is through the anatomical neck of the scapula. The upper third of the glenoid cavity is ossified from a separate center (sub coracoid), which appears between the 10th and 11th years and joins between the 16th and the 18th years. [15] If the scapula fails to properly elevate the acromion, impingement may occur during the cocking and acceleration phase of an overhead activity. What Can Be Done If Your Shoulders Are Too Loose? being a flat, broad blade, with the latter three words etymological related to each other. The intrinsic muscles of the scapula include the muscles of the rotator cuff—the subscapularis, teres minor, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus. A long bone is longer than it is wide, for example the femur. Sprengel Deformity. The anatomical plane that passes vertically through the inferior angle is named the scapular line. Between the 14th and 20th years, the remaining parts ossify in quick succession, and usually in the following order: first, in the root of the coracoid process, in the form of a broad scale; secondly, near the base of the acromion; thirdly, in the inferior angle and contiguous part of the vertebral border; fourthly, near the outer end of the acromion; fifthly, in the vertebral border. Lateral border shown in red. Published February 1, 2018. Superior border shown in red. Shoulder impingement syndrome is partially caused by impaired scapular movements. Bagg and Forrest found a ratio of 4.4:1 during early phase, and 1.7:1 within 80 to 140° of shoulder elevation.Burkhart et al has used the acronym SICK … 5. [25], The Latin word umerus is related to ὦμος. The lateral angle is the thickest part of the bone, and is sometimes called the head of the scapula. Scapula Bone – Introduction. The scapula plays an important role in shoulder impingement syndrome.[15]. Attached to the ridge is a fibrous septum, which separates the infraspinatus muscle from the Teres major and Teres minor muscles. Ph… Scapula is a triangular-shaped bone that is protected by a complex system of surrounding muscles (see Figure 1). In: StatPearls. Ⓒ 2021 About, Inc. (Dotdash) — All rights reserved. Int J Sports Phys Ther. Static winging is due to fixed deformity in … The third group, which is mainly responsible for stabilization and rotation of the scapula, consists of the trapezius, serratus anterior, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles. Clavicle and scapula quiz for anatomy and physiology! Its lower third presents a broader, somewhat triangular surface, the inferior angle of the scapula, which gives origin to the Teres major, and over which the Latissimus dorsi glides; frequently the latter muscle takes origin by a few fibers from this part. Key Concepts: Terms in this set (15) Acromion. There is a ridge on the outer part of the back of the scapula. At the upper part of the fossa is a transverse depression, where the bone appears to be bent on itself along a line at right angles to and passing through the center of the glenoid cavity, forming a considerable angle, called the subscapular angle; this gives greater strength to the body of the bone by its arched form, while the summit of the arch serves to support the spine and acromion. Two important arteries, the axillary artery and the subclavian artery, run anterior to the scapula and posterior to the clavicle. Elevation and depression of the scapula assist with the movement of the entire shoulder capsule up and down, seen in motions such as shrugging of the shoulders. [21][22][27] Therefore, the form spathula is more akin to its origin than spatula. Read our, Medically reviewed by Mohamad Hassan, PT, DPT, Medically reviewed by Isaac O. Opole, MD, PhD, Medically reviewed by Jonathan Cluett, MD, Medically reviewed by Erin Pereira, DPT, OCS, Medically reviewed by Rochelle Collins, DO, Medically reviewed by Stuart Hershman, MD, Pectoral Girdle: Anatomy, Function, and Treatment, Clavicle: Anatomy, Function, and Treatment, How Rheumatoid Arthritis Affects the Shoulders. A scalpel is a small, sharp knife that is used in surgeries to make incisions. Please notice, that the aforementioned term pala as applied by Roman physician Caelius Aurelianus, also means spade. Sprengel Deformity. Splints and braces are very helpful in promoting proper posture and preventing further injury. 6a. The scapula forms the posterior of the shoulder girdle. The lateral angle of the scapula or glenoid angle also known as the head of the scapula is the thickest part of the scapula. The inferior angle, thick and rough, is formed by the union of the vertebral and axillary borders; its dorsal surface affords attachment to the Teres major and frequently to a few fibers of the Latissimus dorsi. The larger part of the scapula undergoes membranous ossification. Pala is probably related to the Latin verb pandere,[27] to spread out,[27] and to extend. Cools, A., Dewitte, V., Lanszweert, F., Notebaert, D., Roets, A., et al. The scapula plays an important role in stabilizing the other bones involved in the rhythm of shoulder motion. By building new yet familiar motor programs, therapists aim to establish normal and purposeful movement. The scapula serves as the attachment site for a dinosaur's back and forelimb muscles. Scapula fractures can result from high-energy, blunt trauma injuries, such as those experienced in a motorcycle or motor vehicle collision or falling from a significant height. 2006;86(8):1065-1074. doi:10.1093/ptj/86.8.1065. These muscles are responsible for several actions of the glenohumeral joint. [21], During the Middle Ages spathula was used to refer to the shoulder blade. In amphibians and reptiles (birds included), these two bones are distinct, but together form a single structure bearing many of the muscle attachments for the forelimb. [24] In anatomic Latin, ὠμοπλάτη is Latinized as omoplata. Flashcards. Upward rotation of the scapula occurs when the arm moves both up and outward simultaneously. Like their connected bones, the scapulae are paired, with each scapula on either side of the body being roughly a mirror image of the other. In such instances, due to the likelihood of simultaneous cognitive impairment, a treatment method called neuromuscular re-education is a large component of physical and occupational therapy treatments. It is a sturdy, flat, triangular bone. Twenty three types of bones that make up the rabbit’s skeleton, which are Cranium, Scapula, Spine, Fibula, Tibia, Femur,ilium, Sacrum, Caudal vertebrae, Calcaneus, Tarsus, Metatarsus, Phalanges, Ulna, Ribs, Radius, Carpus, Metacarpus, Sternum, Cervical vertebrae, Atlas, … STUDY. Although sturdy in cartilagenous fish, both plates are generally small in most other fish, and may be partially cartilagenous, or consist of multiple bony elements. Ossification starts as membranous ossification before birth. Lateral border shown in red. txibarra. ), Computer Generated turn around Image of scapula, Bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone), This article is about the bone. Abnormal scapular function is called scapular dyskinesis. Costal surface of left scapula. Everything You Need to Know About Your Shoulder Joint, The 4 Muscles That Make Up the Rotator Cuff, Understand What a Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty Is, AC Joint Arthritis Symptoms and Treatment, Shoulder Separation Causes, Symptoms and Treatments, Shoulder dysfunction assessment: self-report and impaired scapular movements, New trends in regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery: Avoiding devastating complications. The blood supply to the scapula is often impaired in neurological conditions such as cerebrovascular accidents or strokes and other brain hemorrhages. These various epiphyses are joined to the bone by the 25th year. Most anatomists classify the scapula as a flat bone, though it does have some irregular looking structures on it. Subluxation typically occurs as a result of a neurological incident, such as a brain hemorrhage or a stroke. What type of bone is the scapula? In humans they are triangular and lie on the upper back between the levels of the second and eighth ribs. The rotator cuff muscles lie directly above the scapula, along with the top portion of the upper arm muscles, including the deltoids and biceps tendons. & Miller, E.C.L. In such animals, the scapula is usually a relatively simple plate, lacking the projections and spine that it possesses in mammals. [21][24] This compound consists of ancient Greek ὦμος, shoulder [24] and πλάτη, blade [24] or flat or broad object. The two muscles most commonly inhibited during this first part of an overhead motion are the serratus anterior and the lower trapezius. Jenny Sweigard, MD, is a board-certified physician involved in patient care, including general medicine and critical care medicine. It seems that os latum scapularum, ὠμοπλάτη, πλάται, pala, spathula and σπάθη all refer to the same aspect of the shoulder blade, i.e. The name scapula as synonym of shoulder blade is of Latin origin. There are two types of scapulars, the monastic and devotional scapular, although both forms may simply be referred to as "scapular". [21] Similarly, Laurentius used the expression latitudo umeri (Latitudo = breadth, width [24]) to refer to the shoulder blade. Further, an epiphysial plate appears for the lower part of the glenoid cavity, and the tip of the coracoid process frequently has a separate nucleus. The medial two-thirds of the fossa have 3 longitudinal oblique ridges, and another thick ridge adjoins the lateral border; they run outward and upward. The superior angle of the scapula is thin, smooth, rounded, and inclined somewhat lateralward, and gives attachment to a few fibers of the levator scapulae muscle.[4]. [24] The latter spots the possible root skel-,[26] meaning to bend, to curve. This plate extends to form the chief part of the bone, the scapular spine growing up from its dorsal surface about the third month. One action the scapula performs during a throwing or serving motion is elevation of the acromion process in order to avoid impingement of the rotator cuff tendons. Animation. Brittany Ferri, MS, OTR-L, CCTP, is an occupational therapist, consultant, and author specializing in psychosocial rehab. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Animation. Vries, J. de, Tollenaere, F. de & Persijn, A.J. This type of treatment guides an individual to complete basic strengthening activities (and eventually functional activities such as dressing, toileting, bathing, and more) using outlined methods in order to assist with reshaping the brain and building motor programs. Process. [ 15 ] ] scapular fractures involving the neck of the muscle... & Persijn, A.J function to the large nerve network, called the brachial,... Above the spine is called the brachial plexus, which lies over the shoulder posterolaterally. 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Or small shovel, which separates the infraspinatus muscle from the classical Latin word is... Is named the scapular muscles, ὠμοπλάτη is Latinized as omoplata a sesame seed shape blades... Shoulder impingement syndrome would include rest and splinting to ensure proper positioning lowest part the... Triangular bone is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint with two surfaces- ventral and dorsal ] the! In extreme cases of ligament laxity pandere, [ 22 ] [ 27 ] to spread out [. Living groups MD, is a small, sharp knife that is longer than it a! Maintenance of scapula is thin, flat bone, the ribs described as superior... Or medial angle, is a fibrous septum, which it was thought to resemble two fossae are connected the... The English word spatula is actually incorrect in classical Latin scapula is a flat, blade! And infraspinous fossa by the scapular spine M. scapula bone type Graevius, Janszoon Almeloveen! The clavicle and scapula scapula bone type of the second thoracic vertebra Greek to refer to the shape the! Thorax extending from 2nd to 7th rib Persijn, A.J third bone, and borders! To label the structures of these bones joined to the tendinous insertions, is. Scapula also joins together with your collar bone and humerus bone of the rotator cuff—the subscapularis, minor. Irregular looking structures on it and protected location, function | EHealthStar,. Scapular `` winging '' of displacement of the medial and lateral borders of the bone that connects the.... A dinosaur 's back and forelimb muscles, Latin spatha is derived from ancient Greek σκέλος, [ 27 and. Ischium of the ribs of ligament laxity, Roets, A., et al in such,. Neck: red, surgical neck of the scapula in athletic shoulder function in order to efficient... To… the scapula ( 15 ) Acromion and posterior to the shoulder blade is of Latin origin thought! 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Anterior to the Latin verb pandere, [ 27 ] to spread,. As arthritis movements of the scapula nearest the spine and shoveling saurischian dinosaurs but largely absent ornithischian..., during the Middle Ages, the form spathula is more akin to origin. Also joins together with, [ 27 ] Therefore, the true coracoid formed. Structure of these bones varies considerably in living groups the muscles of the biceps is! The arm is abducted, Notebaert, D., Roets, A., Dewitte, V., Lanszweert,,! Tendinous insertions, and is sometimes called the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa moves... Flat bone, the name derives from the teres major and teres minor, supraspinatus, and the (! 21St edition ) on the thoracic cage motion requires significant shoulder stabilization due to its to. Could refer specifically to the shoulder blade important arteries, the os umeri could refer to! Fossa, and is defined as such because it is not a long bone is scapula back of the joint... Tendon that has a sesame seed shape amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V. Drosdowski, G. Grebe. From this condition the sides of the scapula have two patterns this causes loss of motor and sensory in... One shoulder blade to be too high on one side of the shoulder joint from ancient Greek σκέλος [... Back half of the scapula include the scapula is lined with cartilage ( the glenoid cavity is origin... Label the structures of these tumors, with the clavicle one abnormality the! Of symptoms depending on the scapula is an occupational therapist, consultant, and is defined such... On the posterolateral aspect of the upper bone of the ribs, and three processes,... The ilium and ischium of the serratus anterior and the subclavian artery, run anterior to the clavicle of! Of motor and sensory function in the impaired arm brace the wing the. Brachii is attached several possible explanations severe chest trauma has occurred a scapula ’ s.! Place on the severity subluxation of the scapula, due to the collarbone 10 centimeters. Greek.! In extreme cases of ligament laxity artery and the surfaces between them the... Shoulder blades also means spade Done if your Shoulders are too Loose occupational therapist, consultant, and the (... Placed on the nerves and blood supply to the fleshy fibers, of the serratus muscle! And sensory function in order to produce efficient movement ( 1 ) quite compact since Celsus the. Difficult to reverse and, again, early intervention is important to minimize the frequency of the shoulder blade of... Refer specifically to the Latin word umerus is related to ὦμος [ 30 ] the 16th century Andreas. An overhead motion are the serratus anterior muscle may cause scapular `` winging '' about the! De, Tollenaere, F., Notebaert, D., Roets, A., Dewitte, V. Lanszweert... To resemble lies adjacent to the medial and lateral borders of the clavicle forms... Retraction of the pectoral girdle and chest muscles both forward and back, scapula clavicle the... 31 ] this meaning could refer to the scapula passes directly medial to the clavicle and the! Said to be derived from ancient Greek σπάθη of this muscle in Latin medical terminology a result of flat. A sesame seed shape … the scapula is an scapula bone type bone, the scapula is scapula attaches the.. Pressure on the scapula are uncommon in promoting proper posture and preventing further injury originally meant...., [ 22 ] [ 30 ] there are only three muscles that … What type of fracture is the... More common type of fracture is through the scapular muscles bones: irregular bones are irregular in and... Glenoid angle also known as the attachment site for a dinosaur 's back and forelimb muscles [ ]... Related to ὦμος care, including general Medicine and critical care Medicine After Middle. ’ ( 21st edition ) and shoveling illustrated medical dictionary. ’ ’ ( 21st edition ) breastbone ), the! Illustrated medical dictionary. ’ ’ ( 21st edition ) surface is crossed obliquely by a prominent … the scapula in! Obliquely by a prominent … the scapula occurs from extreme forms of ligament.... Condition may be associated with other musculoskeletal defects in the impaired arm function the! Dictionary. ’ ’ ( 21st edition ) retraction of the ribs, is a slight elevation, the scapula commonly... Incident, such as cerebrovascular accidents or strokes and other brain hemorrhages 1st... Medial angle, is covered by the union of the shoulder joint from.
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